Análisis de costos de la atención hospitalaria en un paciente con fibrilación auricular no valvular y accidente cerebrovascular a repetición / Cost analysis of in hospital attention in a non-valvular atrial fibrillation patient and recurrent stroke

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: Paciente de 71 años con diagnóstico de fibrilación auricular y ataques cerebrovasculares recurrentes, tratada con varios anticoagulantes. El costo del tratamiento del ictus en Colombia para el año 2008 fue de $450.000 millones de pesos colombianos. OBJETIVO: Estimar el costo hospitalario de la atención de un paciente con ictus a repetición secundario a fibrilación auricular. MÉTODOS: Estudio económico parcial de microcosteo de la atención intrahospitalaria para un caso de espectro severo recurrente, que no necesariamente refleja el caso promedio. El consumo de recursos se valoró mediante el uso de tarifas de referencia nacionales. Los resultados se presentan en precios actuales del 2019 (peso colombiano y dólar americano). RESULTADOS: Paciente con 3 eventos hospitalarios, que estuvo 31 días hospitalizada. Las hospitalizaciones tuvieron unos costos de: $53.883.490 (USD 16.141,1), $6.343.096 (USD 1.900,1) y $15.719.443 (USD 4.708,9) respectivamente, con un precio promedio por cada hospitalización de $25.315.343 (USD 7.583,4), costo total de $75.946.029 (USD 22.750,1) costo día de $2.449.872 (USD 729,5). El rubro que aumentó consistentemente los costos fueron los procedimientos (35,7 %). CONCLUSIONES: El ictus recurrente causado por fibrilación auricular no valvular se asocia con un incremento significativo de los costos directos, con un impacto de casi dos veces el PIB per cápita. Un diagnóstico oportuno y una selección adecuada pueden reducirlo.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: A 71-year-old patient with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and recurrent strokes, treated with various anticoagulants, the stroke treatment in Colombia for 2008 was $ 450 billion Colombian pesos. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the hospital cost of caring for a patient with recurrent stroke secondary to atrial fibrillation. METHODS: Partial economic study of micro costing of in-hospital care for a case of recurrent severe spectrum stroke, which does not necessarily reflect the average case. Resource consumption was valued using national reference rates. The results are presented in current 2019 prices (Colombian pesos and US dollars). RESULTS: Patient with 3 hospital events, who was hospitalized for 31 days. Hospitalizations had costs of $ 53,883,490 (USD 16,141.1), $ 6,343,096 (USD 1,900.1) and $ 15,719,443 (USD 4,708.9) respectively, with an average price for each hospitalization of $ 25,315,343 (USD 7,583.4), total cost of $ 75,946,029 (USD 22,750.1) daily cost of $ 2,449,872 (USD 729.5). The item that consistently increased costs was procedures (35.7 %). CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent stroke caused by nonvalvular atrial fibrillation is associated with a significant increase in direct costs, with an impact of almost twice the GDP per capita. A timely diagnosis and proper selection can reduce it.

Physicians' income in Brazil: a study on information sources

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Data on physicians' income are relevant for well-informed health policies, both due to their strategic role and the volume of resources that their activities represent to health systems. In Brazil, multiple sources of data measure the income of these professionals, each one with singularities that generate a complex and heterogeneous picture. This study explores the methodological aspects of different data sources, pointing to potentials and limitations to measuring the income of physicians. METHODS: We use the sources' documentation and data on the average monthly income in 2019, by gender and macro region, from four distinct surveys: Continuous Pnad (National Household Sample Survey), RAIS (Annual Listing of Social Information), Medical Demographics, and IRPF (Personal Income Tax). RESULTS: The results confirm the heterogeneity of definitions, variables, and methodologies. The data set can evidence phenomena such as the income difference between men and women. Regional inequalities are evident; however, the data interpretation is less assertive. CONCLUSIONS: Although eventual gaps and discrepancies among sources can limit some strong conclusions, the analysis of different methodologies employed can suggest relevant hypotheses for in-depth studies.

Effectiveness, safety and cost of urinary follicle stimulating hormone in controlled ovarian stimulation in China: multi-center retrospective cohort study of 102 061 in vitro fertilization cycles / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective:To explore the effectiveness, safety and cost between urinary follicle stimulating hormone (uFSH) and recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) in controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in China.Methods:Data were collected from 16 reproductive centers in China covering oocytes collection time from May 1, 2015 to June 30, 2018. Eligible patients were over 18 years old, adopting COS with uFSH (uFSH group) or rFSH (rFSH group) as start gonadotropins (Gn), and using in vitro fertilization (IVF) and (or) intracytoplasmic sperm injection for fertilisation, excluding frozen embryo recovery cycle. Generalised estimating equation was used to address the violation of independency assumption between cycles due to multiple IVF cycles for one person and clustering nature of cycles carried out within one center. Controlling variables included age, body mass index, anti-Müllerian hormone level, cause of infertility, ovulation protocol, type of fertilisation, number of embryos transferred, number of days of Gn use.Results:Totally 102 061 cycles met eligibility criteria and were included in the analyses. In terms of effectiveness, after controlling relevant unbalanced baseline characteristics, compared with rFSH group, the high oocyte retrieval (>15 oocytes was considered high retrieval) rate of uFSH group significantly decreased in gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist protocol ( OR=0.642, P<0.01) and in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol ( OR=0.556, P=0.001), but the clinical pregnancy rate per transfer cycle and the live birth rate per transfer cycle significantly increased ( OR=1.179, OR=1.169, both P<0.01) in both agonist and antagonist protocols. For safety, multiple analysis result demonstrated that in the agonist protocol, compared with rFSH group, the incidence of moderate to severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome of uFSH group significantly decreased ( OR=0.644, P=0.002). The differences in ectopic pregnancy rate and multiple pregnancy rate between the uFSH and rFSH groups were not significant ( P=0.890, P=0.470) in all patients. In terms of cost, compared with rFSH group, the uFSH group had lower total Gn costs for each patient ( P<0.01). Conclusion:For patients who underwent COS, uFSH has better safety, and economic profiles over rFSH in China.

Impacto das complicações pós-transplante simultâneo pâncreas-rim sobre o custo da internação hospitalar / Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation and the impact of postoperative complications on hospitalization cost

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o impacto financeiro das complicações pós-operatórias no transplante simultâneo pâncreas-rim durante a internação hospitalar. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo dos dados da internação hospitalar dos pacientes submetidos consecutivamente ao transplante simultâneo pâncreas-rim no período de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2014 no Hospital do Rim/Fundação Oswaldo Ramos. As principais variáveis estudadas foram a reoperação, pancreatectomia do enxerto, óbito, complicações pós-operatórias (cirúrgicas, infecciosas, clínicas e imunológicas) e os dados financeiros da internação para o transplante. Resultados: a amostra foi composta de 179 pacientes transplantados. As características dos doadores e receptores foram semelhantes nos pacientes com e sem complicações. Na análise dos dados, 58,7% dos pacientes apresentaram alguma complicação pós-operatória, 21,8% necessitaram de reoperação, 12,3%, de pancreatectomia do enxerto e 8,4% evoluíram para o óbito. A necessidade de reoperação ou pancreatectomia do enxerto aumentou o custo da internação em 53,3% e 78,57%, respectivamente. A presença de complicação pós-operatória aumentou significativamente o custo. Entretanto, a presença de óbito, hérnia interna, infarto agudo do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral e disfunção do enxerto pancreático não apresentaram significância estatística no custo, cuja média foi de US$ 18,516.02. Conclusão: complicações pós-operatórias, reoperação e pancreatectomia do enxerto aumentaram significativamente o custo médio da internação hospitalar do SPK, assim como as complicações cirúrgicas, infecciosas, clínicas e imunológicas. No entanto, o óbito durante a internação, a hérnia interna, o infarto agudo do miocárdio, o acidente vascular cerebral e a disfunção do enxerto pancreático não interferiram estatisticamente neste custo.

ABSTRACT Objective: considering simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation cases, to evaluate the financial impact of postoperative complications on hospitalization cost. Methods: a retrospective study of hospitalization data from patients consecutively submitted to simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT), from January 2008 to December 2014, at Kidney Hospital/Oswaldo Ramos Foundation (Sao Paulo, Brazil). The main studied variables were reoperation, graft pancreatectomy, death, postoperative complications (surgical, infectious, clinical, and immunological ones), and hospitalization financial data for transplantation. Results: the sample was composed of 179 transplanted patients. The characteristics of donors and recipients were similar in patients with and without complications. In data analysis, 58.7% of the patients presented some postoperative complication, 21.8% required reoperation, 12.3% demanded graft pancreatectomy, and 8.4% died. The need for reoperation or graft pancreatectomy increased hospitalization cost by 53.3% and 78.57%, respectively. The presence of postoperative complications significantly increased hospitalization cost. However, the presence of death, internal hernia, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and pancreatic graft dysfunction did not present statistical significance in hospitalization cost (in average US$ 18,516.02). Conclusion: considering patients who underwent SPKT, postoperative complications, reoperation, and graft pancreatectomy, as well as surgical, infectious, clinical, and immunological complications, significantly increased the mean cost of hospitalization. However, death, internal hernia, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and pancreatic graft dysfunction did not statistically interfere in hospitalization cost.

Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA) una visión global del concepto y de sus alcances / Health Technology Assessment (HTA). An overview of the concept and its scope

La progresivas preocupación de los países para optimizar el acceso, la eficiencia y la calidad de la salud, han impulsado la utilización más apropiada de las intervenciones en salud. Por ende, el interés tanto de profesionales sanitarios como de tomadores de decisiones en salud, ha sido orientado hacia la medicina basada en la evidencia, la eficacia comparativa y la Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA). Aunque los conceptos anteriormente señalados son convergentes en sus características, no son sinónimos. Sin embargo, todos estos, se basan en la orientación sistemática de pruebas y el enfoque en resultados relevantes para el paciente entre otras. Como consecuencia de todo esto, el interés no sólo implica los conceptos de eficacia, efectividad y eficiencia; sino que también en práctica clínica, costes y transparencia. En este artículo se resumen los conceptos de economía de la salud, evaluación económica, tecnología sanitaria (TS) y ETESA. Luego, se comenta el ciclo de vida de una TS, razones para implementar un programa de ETESA; para finalizar con algunos ejemplos de TS emergentes, comentarios respecto de la evidencia científica en la ETESA; y algunos ejemplos de estudios de ETESA en la práctica clínica cotidiana.

The progressive concern of countries to optimize access, efficiency and quality of health have led to the most appropriate use of health interventions. Therefore, the interest of both health professionals and health decision makers has been oriented towards evidence-based policy, comparative efficacy and Health Technologies Assessment (HTA). Although the aforementioned concepts are converging in their characteristics, they are not synonymous. However, all these are based on systematic testing orientation and focus on relevant patient outcomes among others. As a consequence of all this, interest does not only imply the concepts of effectiveness, effectiveness and efficiency, but also in clinical practice, costs and transparency.This manuscript summarizes concepts of health economics, economic evaluation, health technology and HTA. Then, the life cycle of a health technology and the reasons for implementing an HTA program are discussed. Concluding with some examples of emerging health technologies, comments on the scientific evidence in HTA, and some examples of HTA studies in daily clinical practice.

Impacto económico institucional del programa Receta Resurtible con pacientes diabéticos / Institutional economic impact of the Receta Resurtible (Resupply Prescription) program in diabetic patients

Objetivo: determinar el impacto económico institucional del programa Receta Resurtible con pacientes diabéticos. Material y métodos: estudio de costos antes y después del programa Receta Resurtible con pacientes diabéticos. El costo promedio incluyó perfil de uso y costo unitario. El perfil de uso se determinó para Consulta externa, Farmacia y medicamentos. En el análisis se plantearon escenarios y se adoptaron supuestos. Resultados: el promedio de consultas antes y después se ubica en 6.45 y 4.73, respectivamente. La dotación de medicamentos fue 55.8% y 99%. El impacto del programa para una unidad de medicina familiar con 6400 pacientes diabéticos, de los cuales 18% se encuentra en el programa Receta Resurtible, permite un ahorro de $ 490 366 en la consulta de Medicina familiar y atención en Farmacia, sin embargo existe un incremento de $112 100 por consumo de medicamentos, el ahorro total en este escenario es de $378 266. Conclusión: el impacto económico del programa Receta Resurtible es benéfico para la institución.

Objective: To determine the institutional economic impact of the Resupply Prescription program in diabetic patients. Material and methods: Study of costs before and after the Resupply Prescription program with diabetic patients. The average cost included usage profile and unit cost. The profile of use was determined for External consultation, Pharmacy and medication. In the analysis, scenarios were raised and assumptions were adopted. Results: The average of before and after consultations is located at 6.45 and 4.73, respectively. The medication provision was 55.8 and 99%. The impact of the program for a Family Medicine Unit with 6400 diabetic patients, of which 18% is in the Resupply Prescription program, allows a saving of $ 490 366 in the consultation of Family Medicine and Pharmacy, however there is a increase of $ 112 100 for drug consumption, the total saving in this scenario is $ 378 266. Conclusion: The economic impact of the Resupply Prescription program is beneficial for the institution.

Study on direct economic burden and influencing factors in patients with cervical cancer and precancerous lesions / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To account the direct cost of uterine cervix carcinoma treatment in China and to explore the related factors which influence the direct financial burden of the disease.@*Methods@#Data was collected through the medical record system and telephone interviews in 14 county-level hospitals and 9 provincial and municipal hospitals from 14 provinces/municipalities enrolled in the Chinese National Health Industry Research Project in 2015. The direct financial burden of uterine cervix carcinoma treatment consisted of the direct medical cost and the direct non-medical cost of treatment in different pathological cervical cancer stages and precancerous lesions. Multiple liner regression method was used to analyze the factors affecting the costs.@*Results@#The age of the 3 246 patients was (46.40±10.43) years, including 2 423 patients from provincial and municipal hospitals and 823 patients from county-level hospitals. The direct financial burden for one patient of pathological uterine cervix carcinoma stage or precancerous lesion ranged from 10 156.3 yuan to 75 716.4 yuan in provincial and municipal hospitals, and for patients from county-level hospitals, the cost was between 4 927.9 yuan and 47 524.8 yuan per person. There was a wide gap between the direct financial burden of patients in different disease stages. The direct financial burden of patients with precancerous lesions ranged from 4 927.9 yuan per person to 11 243.0 yuan per person, as for patients of pathological uterine cervix carcinoma stages, the direct financial burden was between 29 274.6 yuan and 75 716.4 yuan per person. The factors which influence direct financial burden would include: the levels of the hospital, pathological period, medicare reimbursement, days of treatment, and the methods of treatment (P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#The direct financial burden of diseases in patients with pathological uterine cervix carcinoma stage or precancerous lesion differed in different levels of hospital and pathological periods. In addition, medicare reimbursement, days of treatment, and the methods of treatment all had impact on it.

Costo-efectividad de dos terapias antivirales para Hepatitis B crónica en el Perú: Entecavir y tenofovir / Cost-Fffectiveness of Two Antiviral Therapies for Chronic Hepatitis B in Peru: Entecavir and Tenofovir

RESUMEN Objetivos Comparar en términos de costo-efectividad a entecavir (ETV) y tenofovir (TDF) en el tratamiento del virus de la hepatitis B (HBV) en hospitales públicos del Perú. Materiales y métodos Estructuramos un modelo de Markov, definimos la efectividad en años de vida ajustados a calidad (AVAC). Incluimos los costos directos del tratamiento en soles desde la perspectiva del Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Calculamos la relación entre costo y efectividad incrementales (ICER). Realizamos análisis de sensibilidad determinístico y probabilístico, considerando un rango de disponibilidad de pago (WTP) desde uno hasta tres veces el producto bruto interno (PBI) per-cápita, y el beneficio monetario neto (BMN) o ICER en el caso del análisis de tornado. Resultados El tratamiento con TDF es más efectivo y menos costoso que ETV. El ETV tuvo un costo por AVAC de S/ 4482, y de S/ 1526 para TDF. El TDF mantiene un BMN progresivamente mayor conforme aumenta la WTP. La tasa de descuento fue la única variable con efecto significativo en la incertidumbre del modelo. Conclusiones El tratamiento con TDF es más costo-efectivo que ETV en hospitales públicos del Perú.

ABSTRACT Objetives To compare in terms of cost-effectiveness to entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir (TDF) in the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in public hospitals in Peru. Materials and methods We structured a Markov model. We define effectiveness adjusted life years for quality (QALY). We include the direct costs of treatment in soles from the perspective of the Ministry of Health of Peru. We estimate the relationship between cost and effectiveness ratios (ICER). We performed sensitivity analyzes considering a range of willingness to pay (WTP) from one to three times the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and a tornado analysis regarding Monetary Net Profit (BMN) or ICER. Results Treatment with TDF is more effective and less expensive than ETV. The ETV had a cost per QALY of PEN 4482, and PEN 1526 TDF. The PTO maintains a progressively larger with increasing WTP BMN. The discount rate was the only variable with a significant effect on model uncertainty. Conclusion Treatment with TDF is more cost-effective than ETV in public hospitals in Peru.

Economic evaluation of human albumin use in patients with nephrotic syndrome in four Brazilian public hospitals: pharmacoeconomic study / Avaliação econômica do uso de albumina humana em pacientes com síndrome nefrótica em quatro hospitais públicos brasileiros: estudo de farmacoeconomia

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: In 2004, the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, ANVISA) published a resolution establishing guidelines for albumin use. Although the published data do not indicate any definitive conclusions about the benefits of albumin use in patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS), the guidelines recommend this procedure only in cases of edema that is refractory to use of diuretics. The aim here was to analyze albumin use among patients with nephrotic syndrome. DESIGN AND SETTING: Pharmacoeconomic study conducted in four large public referral hospitals for nephrology services in northeastern Brazil. METHOD: Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility economic evaluations were performed on a concurrent cohort of patients with nephrotic syndrome, who were divided into two groups according to compliance or noncompliance with the guidelines. Quality-of-life data were obtained from the SF36 and CHQ-PF50 questionnaires. RESULTS: This study enrolled 109 patients (60% adults and 56% women); 41.3% were using albumin in accordance with the guidelines. The weight, diuresis and fluid balance parameters were more cost-effective for patients who adhered to the guidelines. Regarding days of hospitalization avoided, the incremental ratio showed a daily cost of R$ 55.33, and guideline-compliant patients were hospitalized for five days or fewer. The quality of life improved by 8%, and savings of R$ 3,458.13/QALY (quality-adjusted life year) for the healthcare system were generated through guideline compliance. CONCLUSION: The economic analyses of this study demonstrated that there were greater cost benefits for patients whose treatment followed the guidelines.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Em 2004, a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) publicou uma resolução que estabelece diretrizes para o uso de albumina. Embora os dados publicados não indiquem conclusões definitivas sobre os benefícios do uso de albumina em pacientes com síndrome nefrótica (SN), a diretriz recomenda o procedimento apenas em casos de edema refratário ao uso de diuréticos. O objetivo aqui foi analisar o uso de albumina em pacientes com síndrome nefrótica. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo farmacoeconômico realizado em quatro grandes hospitais públicos de referência em serviços de nefrologia no nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODO: Foram realizadas avaliações econômicas do tipo custo-efetividade e custo-utilidade em uma coorte concorrente de pacientes com síndrome nefrótica, divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o cumprimento ou descumprimento das diretrizes. Dados de qualidade de vida foram obtidos a partir dos questionários SF36 e CHQ-PF50. RESULTADOS: Este estudo incluiu 109 pacientes (60% adultos e 56% mulheres); 41,3% estavam usando albumina conforme as diretrizes. Os parâmetros de peso, diurese e balanço hídrico foram mais custo-efetivos para pacientes que aderiram às diretrizes. Quanto a dias de internação evitados, a razão incremental mostrou um custo diário de R$ 55,33, sendo que os pacientes que seguiram as diretrizes ficaram cinco dias a menos internados. A qualidade de vida melhorou 8%, gerando economia de R$ 3,458.13/QALY (quality-adjusted life year) para o sistema de saúde por meio do cumprimento das diretrizes. CONCLUSÃO: As análises econômicas deste estudo demonstraram maiores benefícios em termos de custo para os pacientes cujo tratamento seguiu as diretrizes.

Health economic evaluation of bivalent human papilloma virus vaccine in China: based on the dynamic model / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#This study aims to evaluate the prevention effect and cost-effectiveness of a prophylactic bivalent human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine.@*Methods@#A multiple health status dynamic model was developed, including natural history of diseases and prevention strategies. We built 19 prevention strategies including visual inspection with acetic acid/lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI) and/or 3 does prophylactic bivalent HPV vaccine administered to adolescent girls at the age of 15 years old every year under the assumption that vaccine coverage and screening coverage were 70%. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), optimal price of 3 does vaccine and cost-effectiveness frontier of these strategies were analyzed compared with no-intervention. The ICER threshold is 152 087 CNY.@*Results@#Compared with no-intervention, Routine vaccination reduced the incidence of cervical cancer by 69.5%, superior to 5 strategies including VIA/VILI screening only. The range of effect was between 9.0% and 69.2%, and the effect of strategy increased significantly with the increase of screening frequency. Combination vaccination with screening at ages of 35 reduced the incidence of cervical cancer by 72.0%, and the effect increased with the increase of screening frequency. Combination vaccination with screening every 3 years between (35-64) years old reduced the incidence by 89.4%. Compared with no-intervention, the ICER of combination vaccination with screening twice between 35 years and 64 years was 121 292 CNY/life-year, which was cost-effective. The price of vaccine had a significant impact on the ICER of the strategy; when the vaccine price was less than 600 CNY, only routine vaccination or supplementary vaccination between 16-39 years old after routine vaccination was cost-effective; when the vaccine price was less than 1 200 CNY, supplementary vaccination between 16-19 years old plus VIA/VILI was cost-effective.@*Conclusion@#Ther prevention strategy was cost-effective, which could effectively reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by implementation of HPV vaccination combined with VIA/VILI in suitable aging females.

Health economic evaluation reporting guideline and application status / 中华预防医学杂志

Using the guidelines of health economic evaluation reporting is conducive to regulating the contents of this reporting, improving the quality of studies into health economics evaluation. This article summarized the history of the guidelines and specified the instrument used to study " Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES)" and the checklist about Consolidated Health Economics Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS)-the two specific evaluation contents in this guideline, the article also introduced its present application status of the guideline and its pros and cons. The checklist of CHEERS emphasized the evaluation of this report, while QHES instrument focused on quantitative evaluation on the quality of economic studies. Despite different emphasis, the two guides are actually mutually complemented.

Perfil do cirurgião plástico no Estado de Goiás, Brasil / Profile of plastic surgeons in the state of Goias, Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: A Cirurgia Plástica tem sido popularizada nos últimos anos, por meio do acesso aos procedimentos e exposição nos meios de comunicação. O contexto atual relata dificuldades no mercado de trabalho devido à competividade e diminuição de honorários. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar o perfil do cirurgião plástico que atua no Estado de Goiás. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa foi realizada com cirurgiões plásticos que atuam no estado de Goiás registrados na regional da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (SBCP) até janeiro de 2015. Os dados foram divididos em perfil socioeconômico e demográfico. Foram considerados como critérios de inclusão residência pelo Ministério da Educação ou pela SBCP e estar atuando em Cirurgia Plástica no estado de Goiás. Como critérios de exclusão ser médico residente em cirurgia plástica e não estar atuando na área de Cirurgia Plástica. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se o índice de resposta de 70%. A maioria tem menos de 40 anos, masculino, casado, com 1 a 2 filhos, atuando em Goiás, há menos de 10 anos, são especialistas, trabalhando de 40 a 60 horas semanais e atuam na área estética e reconstrutiva e a maioria não usa auxiliar em mais de 50% das cirurgias realizadas. CONCLUSÃO: O perfil do cirurgião plástico do estado de Goiás é o de um médico jovem, do sexo masculino, casado, com até 2 filhos, que atua principalmente na capital, sendo a maioria especialista, que trabalha de 40 a 60 horas semanais, e atuando na cirurgia estética e reconstrutiva.

INTRODUCTION: Plastic surgery has become popular in the recent years for the access to procedures and exposure in the media. The current scenario brings difficulties in the job market because of competitiveness and reduced fees. This study describes the profile of the plastic surgeons working in the state of Goias. METHODS: The survey was conducted with plastic surgeons who work in the state of Goias and are registered in local chapter of the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery in January 2015. Data were divided into socio-economic and demographic profile. Inclusion criteria were residence certified by the Brazilian Ministry of Education or by the Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery,, practice of plastic surgery in the state of Goias. We excluded residents in plastic surgery, and those who not practice in plastic surgery area. RESULTS: Rate of response was 70%. Most participants were younger than 40 years old, men, married, with 1-2 children, work in Goias, had less than 10 years as a surgeion, had specialization in plastic surgery, work 40-60 hours weekly and main practice was in aesthetic and reconstructive area, the majority of them do not employ assistances in more than 50% of surgeries. CONCLUSION: The profile of plastic surgeon in state of Goias is composed by young physicians, men, married, with no more than 2 children, and whom practice mainly in the state capital, most of them are specialists, work 40-60 hours per week, and their main practice is with aesthetic and reconstructive surgery.

Projections of Demand for Cardiovascular Surgery and Supply of Surgeons

BACKGROUND: While demand for cardiovascular surgery is expected to increase gradually along with the rapid increase in cardiovascular diseases with respect to the aging population, the supply of thoracic and cardiovascular surgeons has been continuously decreasing over the past 10 years. Consequently, this study aims to achieve guidance in establishing health care policy by analyzing the supply and demand for cardiovascular surgeries in the medical service area of Korea. METHODS: After investigating the actual number of cardiovascular surgeries performed using the National Health Insurance claim data of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, as well as drawing from national statistics concerning the elderly population aged 65 and over, this study estimated the number of future cardiovascular surgeries by using a cell-based model. To be able to analyze the supply and demand of surgeons, the recent status of new surgeons specializing in thoracic and cardiovascular surgeries and the ratio of their subspecialties in cardiovascular surgeries were investigated. Then, while taking three different scenarios into account, the number of cardiovascular surgeons expected be working in 5-year periods was projected. RESULTS: The number of cardiovascular surgeries, which was recorded at 10,581 cases in 2014, is predicted to increase consistently to reach a demand of 15,501 cases in 2040—an increase of 46.5%. There was a total of 245 cardiovascular surgeons at work in 2014. Looking at 5 year spans in the future, the number of surgeons expected to be supplied in 2040 is 184, to retire is 249, and expected to be working is 309—an increase of −24.9%, 1.6%, and 26.1%, respectively compared to those in 2014. This forecasts a demand-supply imbalance in every scenario. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular surgeons are the most central resource in the medical service of highly specialized cardiovascular surgeries, and fostering the surgeons requires much time, effort, and resources; therefore, by analyzing the various factors affecting the supply of cardiovascular surgeons, an active intervention of policies can be prescribed for the areas that have failed to meet the appropriate market distributions.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Colombia / Análisis de costo-efectividad del ticagrelor en comparación con el clopidogrel para el tratamiento de pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo en Colombia

Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome is one of the most frequent medical emergencies in developing countries. Objective: To determine, from the perspective of the Colombian health system, the cost-effectiveness of ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Materials and methods: We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the Colombian health system comparing ticagrelor and clopidogrel for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome. To estimate the expected costs and outcomes, a Markov model was constructed in which patients could remain stable without experiencing new cardiovascular events, suffer from a new event, or die. For the baseline case, a 10-year time horizon and a discount ratio of 3% for costs and benefits were adopted. The transition probabilities were extracted from the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) clinical trial. Vital statistics were drawn from the Departmento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) and additional information from Colombian patients included in the Access registry. To identify and measure resource use, a standard case was built by consulting guidelines and protocols. Unit costs were obtained from Colombian rate lists. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted in which costs were represented by a triangular distribution, and the effectiveness through a beta distribution. Results: In the base case, the additional cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained with ticagrelor was COP$ 28,411,503. The results were sensitive to changes in the time horizon and the unit cost of clopidogrel. For a willingness-to-pay equivalent to three times the Colombian per capita gross domestic product, the probability of ticagrelor being cost-effective was 75%. Conclusions: Ticagrelor is a cost-effective strategy for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome in Colombia.

Introducción. El síndrome coronario agudo es una de las emergencias médicas más frecuentes en los países en desarrollo. Objetivo. Determinar, desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud colombiano, la relación de costo-efectividad del ticagrelor comparado con el clopidogrel para el tratamiento de pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis de costo-efectividad desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud colombiano, comparando el ticagrelor y el clopidogrel para el tratamiento de pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. Para estimar los costos y resultados esperados de las dos alternativas, se construyó un modelo de Markov en el cual los pacientes podían permanecer estables sin experimentar nuevos eventos cardiovasculares, sufrir de un nuevo evento coronario o morir. Para el caso de base, se adoptó un horizonte temporal de 10 años y una tasa de descuento de 3 % para los costos y beneficios. Las probabilidades de transición se extrajeron del estudio Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes , PLATO. Las estadísticas vitales se consultaron en informes del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) y los parámetros adicionales del modelo se basaron en la información de los pacientes colombianos incluidos en el registro en Access. Para identificar y medir el uso de recursos, se construyó un caso estándar a partir de guías y protocolos. Los costos unitarios se obtuvieron de manuales tarifarios colombianos. Se hizo un análisis de sensibilidad probabilístico en el que los costos se representaron por una distribución triangular y, las probabilidades de transición, mediante una distribución beta. Resultados. En el caso de base, el costo adicional por años de vida ajustados por calidad ganados con el ticagrelor fue de COP$ 28´411.503. Los resultados fueron sensibles a los cambios en el horizonte temporal y al costo unitario del clopidogrel. Para un umbral de costo-efectividad equivalente a tres veces el producto interno bruto per cápita de Colombia, la probabilidad de que el ticagrelor fuera costo-efectivo fue de 75 %. Conclusiones. El ticagrelor es una estrategia costo-efectiva para el tratamiento de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo en Colombia.

The cost of excessive postoperative use of antimicrobials: the context of a public hospital / Consequências do uso excessivo de antimicrobianos no pós-operatório: o contexto de um hospital público

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the improper use of antimicrobials during the postoperative period and its economic impact. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study by collecting data from medical records of 237 patients operated on between 01/11/08 and 31/12/08. RESULTS: from the 237 patients with the information collected, 217 (91.56%) received antimicrobials. During the postoperative period, 125 (57.7%) patients received more than two antimicrobials. On average, 1.7 ± 0.6 antimicrobials were prescribed to patients, the most commonly prescribed antibiotic being cephalothin, in 41.5% (154) of cases. The direct cost of antimicrobial therapy accounted for 63.78% of all drug therapy, this large percentage being attributed in part to the extended antimicrobial prophylaxis. In the case of clean operations, where there was a mean duration of 5.2 days of antibiotics, antimicrobials represented 44.3% of the total therapy cost. CONCLUSION: The data illustrate the impact of overuse of antimicrobials, with questionable indications, creating situations that compromise patient safety and increasing costs in the assessed hospital. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar o emprego de antimicrobianos relacionado ao seu uso inadequado e impacto econômico durante o período pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: foi desenvolvido um estudo de coorte prospectivo por meio da coleta de dados de 237 prontuários de pacientes operados entre 01/11/08 e 31/12/08. RESULTADOS: dos 237 pacientes com informações coletadas no estudo 217 (91,56%) fizeram uso de antimicrobianos. Durante o pós-operatório, 125 (57,7%) pacientes utilizaram mais de dois antimicrobianos. Foi prescrito, em média, 1,7 ± 0,6 antimicrobianos por paciente, sendo o antimicrobiano mais prescrito a cefalotina, em 41,5% (154) dos casos. O custo direto da terapia antimicrobiana representou 63,78% de toda a terapia farmacológica, sendo esta grande porcentagem atribuída em parte ao prolongamento da profilaxia antimicrobiana. No caso das operações limpas, onde houve um tempo médio de uso de antimicrobianos de 5,2 dias, os gastos com antimicrobianos representaram 44,3% do custo total da terapia. . CONCLUSÃO: os dados exemplificam o impacto do uso excessivo de antimicrobianos, com indicações questionáveis e criando situações que comprometem a segurança dos pacientes e aumento os custos no hospital avaliado. .

Aproximación al estado de salud de los microempresarios del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga / Approach to health of the microentrepreneurs of the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga / Abordagem sobre o estado de saúde dos micro-emprendedores da região metropolitana de Bucaramanga

Introducción: El propósito del estudio es presentar los resultados del módulo de salud de la encuesta de Microempresarios del Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga 2012, buscando una aproximación a la medición del estado de salud y su importancia para las acciones y políticas públicas dirigidas al sector productivo de la ciudad. Metodología: El enfoque metodológico utilizado fue el de Activos, Vulnerabilidad y Estructura de Oportunidades (AVEO) y el módulo salud se diseñó con la ayuda de metodologías como la Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), EuroQol 5D, y RAND validadas por autores como Foot, Roberts y Stansfeld; y Johnson y Pickard. Los participantes fueron 384 microempresarios del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga. Resultados: La encuesta permitió medir el estado de salud subjetivo del grupo de microempresarios donde el 30% se ubicaron en el estado excelente, el 17% en muy bueno, el 39% en bueno, el 12% en regular, y el 2% en un mal estado de salud. El 25.5% de los microempresarios afirmó que durante el último mes tuvo que disminuir el tiempo que dedicaba a su trabajo a causa de un problema de salud físico o emocional. También, se encontró que el 48% de los encuestados menciona que su actividad laboral ha venido afectando su salud a través del tiempo. Conclusiones: es necesario integrar la variable salud a las políticas públicas y privadas dirigidas al sector productivo, tomando como objetivo la disminución de las limitaciones para la realización de actividades diarias, la prevención de enfermedades ocupacionales y el tratamiento de las enfermedades de larga duración y derivadas del envejecimiento.

Introduction: The aim of this research is to present the results of the Microntrepreneurs's health module survey of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga in 2012, seeking an approach to the measurement of health status and its importance to the actions and public policies for the productive sector of the city. Metodology: The methodological approach was the Assets, Vulnerability and Structure of Opportunities (AVSO) and health module was designed with the aid of methodologies such as the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), EuroQol 5D, and RAND, validated by authors like Foot, Roberts and Stansfeld; and Johnson and Pickard. Results: The survey allowed to measure the subjective health status of micro entrepreneurs where 30% were located in excellent condition, 17% very good, 39% in good, 12% regular, and 2% on a bad health. 25.5% of entrepreneurs said that they had to reduce the time dedicated to their work during the last month because of physical or emotional health issues. We also found that 48% of respondents mentioned that their work has affected their health over time. Conclusion: The results indicate the need to integrate health variable in public and private policies for the productive sector, targeting the reduction of constraints to work on daily activities, prevention of occupational diseases and the treatment of long-term illness and derivatives of aging.

Introdução: O objetivo do estudo é apresentar os resultados de pesquisa sobre o padrão de saúde dos microempreendedores da região metropolitana de Bucaramanga no ano de 2012, buscando comparar o estado de saúde e sua importância para as ações e políticas públicas para o setor produtivo da cidade. Metodologia: A abordagem metodológica foi a vulnerabilidade de Ativos e Opportunity Estrutura (AVEO) e módulo de saúde foi concebido com a ajuda de metodologias como o Short Form 36 Inquérito de Saúde (SF-36), EuroQol 5D, e validado pela RAND autores como Pé, Roberts e Stansfeld; e Johnson e Pickard. Resultados: A pesquisa mediu o estado subjetivo de saúde de microempreendedores, onde 30% estavam localizadas em excelentes condições, 17% muito bom, 39% bom, 12% regular, e 2% em mau estado de saúde. 25,5% dos empresários disseram que durante o último mês tiveram que reduzir o tempo dedicado ao seu trabalho por causa de problemas físicos ou emocionais. Nós também descobrimos que 48% dos entrevistados mencionaram que o seu trabalho tem influenciado sua saúde ao longo do tempo. Conclusão: Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de se integrar a variável saúde em políticas públicas e privadas para o setor produtivo, visando a redução de restrições para trabalhar em atividades de vida diária, prevenção de doenças ocupacionais e o tratamento da doença de longa duração e decorrentes do envelhecimento.

Medical economics and safety analysis of colonic stenting and emergency surgery for resectable acute colonic cancer obstruction / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective To compare the medical economics and safety of colonic metallic stent implantation as a bridge to elective resection with traditional emergency resection.Methods Data of colonic cancer obstruction cases in emergency room from 2008 to 2013 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into stent group(colonic stent as a bridge to surgery) and control group(emergency surgery).Main parameters between the two groups were compared,including surgery-associated mortality and morbidity,colostomy rate and re-anastomosis rate,ICU admitted rate,average days and costs in hospital,and colonic stent insertion associated clinical success rate and mortality.Results Ten and 11 patients were included in stent group and control group respectively.Surgery associated morbidity and colostomy rates were both 0 in stent group,and 18.2％ and 100.0％ in control group.Days of hospitalization and costs were 23 days and 67 742 Yuan in stent group,and 49 days and 92 553 Yuan in control group.The surgery associated mortality rates both were 0 in the two groups.ICU admitted rates were 20％ and 18％ respectively.Conclusion Colonic stenting as a bridge to surgery has a high clinical success rate and has a lower morbidity and colostomy rate,shorter hospitalization days,less cost compared with traditional emergency surgery.This strategy for colonic cancer obstruction is of safety and great health economic value.

Evaluación de la calidad metodológica de la literatura en evaluación económica en salud en Colombia: una revisión sistemática / Quality assessment of economic evaluations in health care in Colombia: a systematic review

Introducción. La evaluación económica es una herramienta que contribuye a establecer prioridades en la toma de decisiones en salud. La calidad metodológica de los estudios realizados en Colombia no se ha evaluado de manera sistemática. Objetivo. Valorar la calidad metodológica de las evaluaciones económicas en salud publicadas en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de evaluaciones económicas completas (costos y efectividad de, al menos, dos programas o servicios de salud) referidas a un problema de decisión en salud de Colombia. La búsqueda se hizo en bases de datos internacionales y colombianas, y se complementó con búsqueda manual y consulta con autores. La síntesis de los datos se hizo en tablas que incluían información relevante sobre los estudios, y la calidad metodológica se evaluó con un instrumento prediseñado. Las búsquedas se hicieron entre enero y febrero de 2012. Resultados. Se incluyeron 48 estudios. En la mayoría de los estudios se hace explícito el punto de vista, se describen las alternativas comparadas y se hace un análisis incremental (sic.). Más de la mitad de los trabajos presentan limitaciones en la especificación del horizonte temporal o la tasa de descuento, en la estimación y actualización de los beneficios en salud y los costos, así como en la consideración de cuestiones de equidad o implementación. El análisis de la incertidumbre resulta ser el punto más problemático. Conclusiones. Las evaluaciones económicas en salud publicadas en Colombia han aumentado en los últimos años; sin embargo, se observa una gran heterogeneidad en los métodos, lo cual dificulta la comparación de los resultados y su uso para la toma de decisiones en salud. Es fundamental avanzar en la estandarización de los métodos, con el fin de contribuir a generar información de mejor calidad que permita apoyar las decisiones en el sistema de salud colombiano.

Introduction: Economic evaluation is a tool that can provide useful information to decision-makers in health. The methodological quality of Colombian studies has not been assessed in a systematic way. Objective: To assess the methodological quality of economic evaluations in health care in Colombia. Materials and methods: Systematic review of economic studies that assessed both costs and effectiveness of at least two technologies related to a decision problem in Colombia. Search was performed in international and Colombian databases and was completed with manual searches and contact with authors. Data was synthesized in tables that included relevant information about the studies. Methodological quality was evaluated using a predefined instrument. Searches were performed between January and February. Results: 48 studies were included in the review. Perspective of the study, incremental analyzes and description of alternatives were usually well specified. However, more than half of the articles did not state clearly the time horizon or discount rate and most studies did not address equity and implementation issues. Management of uncertainty was also problematic. Conclusions: Economic evaluation in health care in Colombia has grown considerably in recent years. However, methods vary considerably between studies and therefore their usefulness for decisionmaking in health is limited. It is necessary to standardize methods in order to generate evidence of higher quality to support decisions within the Colombian health care system.

Direct treatment costs of HIV/AIDS in Portugal / Custos diretos com tratamento do VIH/SIDA em Portugal / Costos originados por tratamiento del VIH/SIDA en Portugal

OBJECTIVE To analyze the direct medical costs of HIV/AIDS in Portugal from the perspective of the National Health Service. METHODS A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted for 150 patients from five specialized centers in Portugal in 2008. Data on utilization of medical resources during 12 months and patients’ characteristics were collected. A unit cost was applied to each care component using official sources and accounting data from National Health Service hospitals. RESULTS The average cost of treatment was 14,277 €/patient/year. The main cost-driver was antiretroviral treatment (€ 9,598), followed by hospitalization costs (€ 1,323). Treatment costs increased with the severity of disease from € 11,901 (> 500 CD4 cells/µl) to € 23,351 (CD4 count ≤ 50 cells/ µl). Cost progression was mainly due to the increase in hospitalization costs, while antiretroviral treatment costs remained stable over disease stages. CONCLUSIONS The high burden related to antiretroviral treatment is counterbalanced by relatively low hospitalization costs, which, however, increase with severity of disease. The relatively modest progression of total costs highlights that alternative public health strategies that do not affect transmission of disease may only have a limited impact on expenditure, since treatment costs are largely dominated by constant antiretroviral treatment costs. .

OBJETIVO Analizar los costos médicos originados por tratamiento de VIH/SIDA, de acuerdo con la perspectiva del Servicio Nacional de Salud, en Portugal. MÉTODOS Se realizó análisis retrospectivo de registros médicos en muestra de 150 pacientes de cinco centros especializados, en 2008. Se obtuvieron datos de utilización de recursos médicos y de las características de los pacientes, en horizonte temporal de 12 meses. Se aplicó el costo unitario a cada componente de costo, usando fuentes oficiales y datos de contabilidad de los hospitales. RESULTADOS El costo promedio anual del tratamiento fue de 14,277€ por paciente. La parcela de costo más importante fue el relacionado con el tratamiento antiretrovial (9,598€), seguido por los costos de internación (1,323€). Los costos de tratamiento con severidad aumentaron de 11,901€ (> 500 CD4 células/µl) para 23,351€ (CD4 ≤ 50 células/µl). La progresión de los costos se debe mayormente al aumento de los costos de internación, dado que los costos por tratamiento antiretrovial se mantienen constantes a lo largo de las fases. CONCLUSIONES El elevado costo del tratamiento antiretrovial es compensado por el costo relativamente bajo de la internación, a pesar de que éste aumenta con la severidad. La baja progresión de los costos totales revela que estrategias de salud pública alternativas que no alteren la transmisión de la enfermedad tendrán sólo impacto limitado en los gastos, dado que los costos son mayormente influenciados por el tratamiento antiretrovial. .

OBJETIVO Analisar dos custos diretos médicos com VIH/SIDA, de acordo com a perspetiva do Serviço Nacional de Saúde, em Portugal. MÉTODOS Efetuou-se análise retrospectiva de registros médicos em amostra de 150 pacientes de cinco centros especializados em 2008. Foram obtidos dados de utilização de recursos médicos durante 12 meses e das características dos pacientes nesse período. Aplicou-se o custo unitário a cada componente de custo, usando fontes oficiais e dados contabilísticos dos hospitais. RESULTADOS O custo médio anual de tratamento foi de 14.277 euros por paciente. A parcela de custo mais importante foi o custo com o tratamento antirretroviral (9.598 euros), seguido dos custos de internação (1.323 euros). Os custos de tratamento com severidade aumentaram de 11.901 euros (> 500 CD4 células/µl) para 23.351 euros (CD4 ≤ 50 células/µl). A progressão dos custos deve-se principalmente ao aumento dos custos de internação, dado que os custos com tratamento antirretroviral se mantêm constantes ao longo dos estádios. CONCLUSÕES O custo elevado do tratamento antirretroviral é compensado com o custo relativamente baixo da internação, apesar deste aumentar com a severidade. A baixa progressão dos custos totais revela que estratégias de saúde pública alternativas que não alterem a transmissão da doença terão apenas impacto limitado nas despesas, dado que os custos são largamente influenciados pelo do tratamento antirretroviral. .

Considerações sobre a asma de interesse para a atenção primária: epidemiologia, impacto econômico e políticas públicas / Asthma from the perspective of public health: epidemiology, economic impact and public policy

A asma se configura como um problema de saúde pública afetando indivíduos em todas as partes do mundo. Com prevalência variável, tem no Brasil uma de suas taxas mais elevadas. Acomete crianças e adolescentes, configurando-se como uma das principais doenças crônicas nesse período da vida. As limitações às atividades físicas impostas pelos sintomas da doença afetam a qualidade de vida de seus portadores. A reflexão sobre os custos sociais e econômicos da doença, bem como diretrizes que fundamentem a consolidação de políticas públicas permitem concluir a necessidade de fontes de financiamento consistentes para os programas consolidados, particularmente no que tange a aquisição de medicamentos e incorporação da dinâmica de captação e acompanhamento sistemático de asmáticos pela atenção primária.

Asthma is characterized as a public health problem affecting individuals in all parts of the world. With a variable prevalence, in Brazil it has one of its highest rates. It affects children and adolescents, being indicated as one of the major chronic diseases in this period of life. The limitations imposed on physical activity by the symptoms of this disease affect the quality of life of its sufferers. Thinking about the social and economic costs of this disease, as well as guidelines underlying the consolidation of public policies, allows us to deduce the need for consistent funding sources for the consolidated programs, particularly with respect to obtaining medicines and incorporating the dynamics of containing and systematic monitoring of asthma by the primary care system.